1803: The United States formally took over territory acquired from France in the Louisiana Purchase.
1812: Sacagawea, the Indian woman who guided the Lewis and Clark Expedition, died.
1864: Union Gen. William T. Sherman completed his Civil War march to the sea across the South and arrived in Savannah, Ga.
1865: Birthdays: Author and decorator Elsie de Wolfe (Lady Mendl).
1868: Birthdays: Industrialist Harvey Firestone.
1881: Birthdays: Baseball Hall of Fame member Branch Rickey.
1895: Birthdays: Philosopher Susanne K. Langer.
1898: Birthdays: Actor Irene Dunne.
1901: Birthdays: Nuclear physicist Robert Van de Graaff.
1921: Birthdays: Movie director George Roy Hill (Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, The Sting).
1932: Birthdays: Actor John Hillerman.
1946: The first Indochina war began with Vietnamese troops under Ho Chi Minh clashing with the French at Hanoi. Birthdays: Psychic Uri Geller; TV series creator Dick Wolf.
1948: Birthdays: Musician Alan Parsons.
1951: Nuclear power was first harvested when EBR-1 lit four light bulbs.
1952: Birthdays: Actor Jenny Agutter.
1956: The Montgomery, Ala., public bus boycott officially ended but not until it had given a major boost to the civil rights struggle in the South. The boycott had been called in reaction to the Dec. 1, 1955, arrest of Rosa Parks, an African-American woman, for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white man.
1982: Birthdays: American Idol winner David Cook.
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1983: Birthdays: Actor Jonah Hill.
1987: Nearly 1,600 people died in the Philippines when a passenger ferry was struck by an oil tanker and sank. It was the century’s worst peacetime maritime disaster.
1989: The United States invaded Panama to oust Manuel Noriega and install the duly elected civilian government. Twenty-three U.S. troops were killed.
1990: Eduard Shevardnadze abruptly resigned as Soviet foreign minister, warning against a dictatorship of hard-liners.
1991: Philippines prosecutors filed nine counts of graft against former first lady Imelda Marcos, charging she used bogus front companies to bilk millions of dollars from the nation.
1995: 160 people were killed when an American Airlines 757 crashed into a mountain shortly before it was scheduled to land in Cali, Colombia. Buckingham Palace confirmed that Queen Elizabeth II had sent letters to her son, Prince Charles, and his estranged wife, Princess Diana, urging them to seek a divorce as quickly as possible.
1996: Guerrillas in Peru took an estimated 380 hostages at the Japanese ambassador’s residence.
1998: Iraqi President Saddam Hussein declared that the four-night U.S.-British bombing campaign of his country was a victory for Iraq over the enemies of God and humanity. A Houston woman gave birth to seven more babies after delivering the first infant 12 days earlier. They were the only known set of octuplets to be born alive in the United States. The smallest baby died a week later.
1999: Macau reverted to Chinese rule.
2001: Argentine President Fernando de la Rua resigned amid mass protest demonstrations but chaos continued in his troubled country.
2009: A nor’easter stretching from Maine to Maryland broke snow records in Philadelphia and Washington and paralyzed the mid-Atlantic. December snowfall records fell in Philadelphia, which got 22.9 inches of snow, and in Washington, with 15 inches.
2010: A boat loaded with 90 people from Christmas Island seeking asylum in Australia slammed into rocks along the island. Authorities said there were 42 survivors.
2011: 10 people were killed in confrontations between protesters and security forces in Egypt. The Kepler, NASA’s orbiting space observatory, reported discovering the first two Earth-size planets outside the solar system but both orbit too closely to a sun-like star to have water on the surface.
2012: Russian President Vladimir Putin opposed the Muslim practice of wearing headscarves, or hijabs, in his country’s schools. Why should we adopt outside tradition? he said.
2013: Canada’s Supreme Court struck down the country’s anti-prostitution laws, calling them grossly disproportionate.