1785: The American Continental Navy fleet was organized, consisting of two frigates, two brigs and three schooners. Sailors were paid $8 a month.
1856: Birthdays: Nobel Peace Prize laureate Frank Kellogg.
1858: Birthdays: Opera composer Giacomo Puccini.
1862: Birthdays: Former Philadelphia Athletics’ Manager Connie Mack, the Dean of Baseball.
1864: After his Civil War march across Georgia, Union Gen. William T. Sherman sent U.S. President Abraham Lincoln this message: I beg to present you as a Christmas present the city of Savannah.
1888: Birthdays: British film executive J. Arthur Rank.
1894: French Capt. Alfred Dreyfus was convicted of treason by a military court-martial on flimsy evidence in a highly irregular trial and sentenced to life in prison for his alleged crime of passing military secrets to the Germans.
1912: Birthdays: Former first lady Claudia Lady Bird Johnson, wife of U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson.
1915: Birthdays: Actor Barbara Billingsley.
1917: Birthdays: TV game show host Gene Rayburn.
1936: Birthdays: Actor Hector Elizondo.
1944: Ordered to surrender by Nazi troops who had his unit trapped during the Battle of the Bulge, Gen. Anthony McAuliffe of the U.S. 101st Airborne Division replied with one word: Nuts! Birthdays: Baseball Hall of Fame member Steve Carlton.
1945: Birthdays: TV news anchor Diane Sawyer.
1949: Birthdays: Twin brothers, Robin Gibb and Maurice Gibb, members of the Bee Gees pop group (Saturday Night Fever).
1956: The first gorilla to be born in captivity arrived into the world at the Columbus Zoo in Ohio.
1962: Birthdays: Actor Ralph Fiennes.
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1972: 5,000 people died when a series of earthquakes left the Nicaraguan capital of Managua in ruins.
1984: Subway vigilante Bernard Goetz shot four would-be hold-up men on a New York City subway. He ended up serving eight months in prison for carrying an illegal weapon but was cleared of assault and attempted murder charges.
1986: Political dissident and Nobel laureate Andrei Sakharov and his wife, Yelena Bonner, were allowed to return to Moscow after seven years of internal exile.
1989: The Brandenburg Gate reopened, effectively ending the division of East and West. Romanian President Nicolae Ceausescu, the last hard-line communist holdout against East Bloc reforms, fell from power in the face of massive demonstrations. Birthdays: Singer Jordin Sparks.
1992: All 158 people aboard a Libyan Boeing 727 died when the jetliner crashed, apparently following an in-flight collision with a military plane.
1993: The daughter of Cuban President Fidel Castro was granted political asylum in the United States. South Africa’s Parliament gave a strong endorsement to an interim constitution that ended centuries of white-minority rule.
1994: Italy’s Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi resigned after seven months in office, following corruption charges against him.
2001: American Airlines passengers and attendants overpowered a man trying to light a match to detonate powerful explosives hidden in his sneakers on a flight from Paris to Miami.
2004: 13 U.S. soldiers and nine others were killed in a suicide bomber attack on a U.S. military dining hall near Mosul, Iraq.
2005: Wal-Mart was ordered to pay more than 100,000 California employees $172 million for depriving them of breaks to eat.
2006: Rape charges against three former members of the Duke University lacrosse team were dropped after the alleged victim said she couldn’t be sure she had been raped.
2007: The U.S. Air Force reported finding major structural flaws in eight models of its F-15 fighter jets, grounding some U.S. air defense capabilities.
2008: A federal jury in New Jersey convicted five Muslim men of plotting to attack soldiers at Fort Dix, N.J., a plot prosecutors say was inspired by al-Qaida. The defendants were acquitted of attempted murder.
2010: The U.S. Senate voted to ratify New START, a nuclear arms control treaty with Russia. The U.S. Congress passed a $4.3 billion health bill for rescue workers involved in the aftermath of the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attack on New York.
2011: The U.S. Justice Department rejected South Carolina’s photo-requiring voter-identification law, saying it discriminated against minorities. A dozen states passed a similar law this year.