1620: Construction began of the first permanent European settlement in New England, one week after the Mayflower arrived at Plymouth harbor in present day Massachusetts.
1783: Gen. George Washington resigned his commission with the U.S. Army and retired to Mount Vernon, Va. He became the new nation’s first president in 1789.
1790: Birthdays: Egyptologist Jean Francois Champollion, who deciphered the Rosetta Stone.
1805: Birthdays: Mormon church founder Joseph Smith.
1860: Birthdays: Poet Harriet Monroe, founder of Poetry magazine.
1885: Birthdays: New York restaurateur Vincent Sardi Sr.
1911: Birthdays: Actor James Gregory.
1913: The U.S. Federal Reserve System was established.
1918: Birthdays: Former West German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt.
1924: Birthdays: Basketball Hall of Fame member Bob Kurland.
1925: Birthdays: Actor Harry Guardino.
1928: The National Broadcasting Company established a permanent U.S. coast-to-coast radio hookup.
1929: Birthdays: Bowling Hall of Fame member Dick Weber.
1933: Birthdays: Japanese Emperor Akihito.
1935: Birthdays: Football Hall of Fame member Paul Hornung.
1940: Birthdays: Rock ‘n’ roll Hall of Fame member Jorma Kaukonen.
1941: Birthdays: Singer-songwriter Tim Hardin.
1942: Birthdays: Fashion designer John Peterman.
1943: Birthdays: Actor/comedian Harry Shearer.
1946: Birthdays: Actor Susan Lucci.
1947: The transistor was invented, leading to a revolution in communications and electronics. Birthdays: Marathon runner Bill Rodgers.
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1948: Former Prime Minister Hideki Tojo of Japan and six other Japanese war leaders were hanged in Tokyo under sentence of the Allied War Crimes Commission. Birthdays: Football Hall of Fame member Jack Ham; Television executive Leslie Moonves.
1952: Birthdays: Political commentator William Kristol.
1964: Birthdays: Rock musician Eddie Vedder.
1971: Birthdays: Actor Corey Haim.
1973: The shah of Iran announced that the petroleum-exporting states of the Persian Gulf would double the price of their crude oil.
1986: The Voyager became the first aircraft to fly non-stop around the earth.
1987: Dick Rutan and Jeana Yaeger landed the experimental aircraft Voyager at Edwards Air Force Base, Calif., completing a record nine-day, 25,012-mile global flight without refueling.
1995: More than 500 people were killed in Mandi Dabwali, India, when fire engulfed a tent set up for a school ceremony.
1997: Terry Nichols, the second defendant in the Oklahoma City bombing trial, was convicted of conspiracy and involuntary manslaughter by a federal jury in Denver.
2002: North Korea, preparing to resume development of nuclear weapons, said it was reopening a plutonium reprocessing plant.
2003: The first case of mad cow disease was reported in the United States when a Holstein in Washington state tested positive for the ailment.
2004: China reported its Bohai Bay Basin in the north may contain 20.5 billion tons of offshore oil reserves.
2006: The U.N. Security Council banned Iranian export and import of nuclear-related material and technology and froze some financial assets related to the nuclear program. Iran promptly condemned the sanctions.
2007: Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert said a full-scale war was raging in Gaza against Palestinian insurgents. Olmert dismissed earlier talk of a cease-fire.
2008: Officials in Guinea’s army announced the country’s government had been dissolved and the constitution suspended after the death of President Lansana Conte, who had ruled the African nation for 24 years.
2009: Mexico City voters approved a sweeping gay rights measure allowing same-sex couples to marry and adopt children.
2010: As the U.S. unemployment rate jumped from 9.6 percent to 9.8 percent, U.S. consumer spending rose 0.4 percent in November and disposable income was up 0.3 percent or $37.8 billion. Parcel bombs exploded at the Chilean and Swiss embassies in Rome, injuring two. The Informal Anarchic Federation claimed responsibility for the devices.
2011: U.S. Medicare spending growth slowed even as enrollment rises, recording a sharp drop in the volume of doctor visits and other outpatient services. Budget analysts consider the news a temporary aberration. A strong earthquake struck New Zealand’s quake-devastated Christchurch, causing injuries and sending holiday shoppers fleeing from malls. The U.S. Geological Survey said the 5.8-magnitude quake hit the area on New Zealand’s South Island.
2012: Former Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney’s eldest son, Tagg, said his father wanted to be president less than anyone I’ve met in my life, the Boston Globe reported.
2013: Two members of the Pussy Riot punk band, Maria Alyokhina and Nadezhda lokonnikova, were released from prison in Russia in an amnesty program. They had served most of their two-year sentences after being convicted of hooliganism for participating in a performance critical of President Vladimir Putin.